Everyone seems to think more troweling means a better finish, but I call bs. I've had jobs where I troweled less and the concrete set stronger. Too much troweling brings up too much cream and weakens the top layer. I saw a driveway I did five years ago, and the over-troweled sections are flaking off. My buddy's work, with minimal troweling, still looks solid. Maybe we're just making extra work for ourselves. Let the concrete be concrete.
Wasn't there a thing on one of the trade sites about this? I heard a contractor say overworking it brings all the paste up and then that's the weak part that fails. That lines up with what you're seeing.
Yeah that paste layer is the whole problem. Wait for it to firm up enough that your boot only leaves a light mark before you even step on it. Then just hit it with a magnesium float, no steel trowel unless it absolutely needs it for some reason. You're just closing the surface, not trying to make it look like glass.
Totally, that paste layer is such a trap. I wrecked a garage floor learning that the hard way, pushing the finish way too early. Once you bring that weak cream up, it's just gonna dust off forever.